The proliferation of private digital currencies and stablecoin has compelled central banks worldwide to reassert monetary sovereignty through Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) initiatives. This paper examines India’s Digital Rupee (e₹) within the broader context of global CBDC developments and cross-border payment infrastructure. Through doctrinal analysis and comparative methodology, we investigate India’s hybrid CBDC architecture, its legal foundations under the RBI Act

India’s approach to data governance and privacy has undergone a major shift with the passage of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. It aims to create a uniform framework for the public and private sectors to handle, maintain, and safeguard personal data This new regime presents significant compliance challenges for the banking industry, one of the biggest processors of sensitive financial and personal data. As a state-regulated cooperative bank, Kerala Bank offers

The 450,000 fake accounts and ₹17,000 crore laundered that were part of India’s 2024 mule account saga have, at last, revealed the main defect in the whole regulatory structure of video-based Know-Your-Customer processes. Besides, the use of deepfake technology to bypass the banks’ “authorised vendors” facial recognition systems brought up the urgent question: who is responsible when outsourcing of identity verification goes wrong catastrophically? The present study is aimed

Blended finance has emerged as a critical mechanism for mobilising private capital towards development-oriented and high-risk sectors, particularly in emerging economies such as India. By combining concessional capital with commercial investment, it seeks to address structural market failures, including information asymmetry, lack of credit access, and the underfunding of socially significant sectors such as MSMEs, climate infrastructure, and women-led enterprises. Despite it

The Reserve Bank of India’s Digital Lending Directions, 2025, consolidate earlier guidelines into a unified framework aimed at protecting borrowers while supporting fintech innovation. These rules impose strict transparency and conduct standards that regulated lenders (banks, NBFCs, cooperative banks, and All-India Financial Institutions) must now enter formal contracts with their fintech partners (Lending Service Providers, or LSPs) and conduct robust due diligence. Borrower

India’s GIFT City – the nation’s only International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) has become an increasing destination for cross-border fund management within the collective regulatory jurisdiction of the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA). This is while a reignited US–China tariff war 2024–25 has shaken global trade, leading investors and fund managers to search for alternative markets. This article revisits the GIFT City model against these dynami

The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDPA) and the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules,2025 (DPDP Rules, 2025) mark a significant shift in India’s approach to data governance, with major implications for the banking sector. From fragmented cybersecurity measures to a comprehensive rights-based regime, as banks increasingly rely on digital platforms and data analytics for credit assessment, risk management, and customer engagement, the processing of personal fin